Articles
| Open Access |
https://doi.org/10.37547/ijmsphr/Volume07Issue04-05
Molecular Mechanisms of Mammary Carcinogenesis: Current Understanding and Prospects for Targeted Therapy
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the leading oncologic disease among women worldwide: in 2022, approximately 2.3 million new cases and 670,000 deaths were reported. The disease’s molecular heterogeneity — the presence of luminal, HER2-amplified, and triple-negative subtypes — underlies the complexity of therapeutic approaches. This review synthesizes current data on oncogenic signaling pathways (PI3K/AKT/mTOR, RAS/MAPK, NOTCH, Wnt/β-catenin), epigenetic disturbances, and mechanisms of drug resistance in BC. Particular emphasis is placed on the evidence base for targeted drugs approved between 2018 and 2025: CDK4/6 inhibitors, PI3K/AKT pathway antagonists, antibody–drug conjugates (T-DXd, sacituzumab govitecan), PARP inhibitors, and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Based on an analysis of 31 high-level evidence sources (PubMed, Scopus, WoS), prospects for personalized oncology and overcoming resistance are discussed. The search for scientific publications was conducted in the following databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. The following search queries in English were used: ‘breast cancer molecular mechanisms carcinogenesis», «breast cancer targeted therapy», «HER2 CDK4/6 inhibitors breast cancer», «triple-negative breast cancer immunotherapy PARP inhibitors», «antibody-drug conjugates breast cancer trastuzumab deruxtecan», and ‘PI3K/AKT/mTOR breast cancer». The search was conducted without language restrictions, with preference given to publications in English and Russian. Additional searches were conducted using the reference lists of selected articles.
Keywords
Breast cancer, molecular subtypes, carcinogenesis
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Copyright (c) 2026 Ruzibakieva M.R., Jangavorov A.J., Ramziddinov J.J., Ryskulov F.T., Grigoryants K. E.
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